Right-believing (Ruler) 10th century

Saint Theophano the Empress

c. 866 - c. 893/897

Also known as Theophano, wife of Leo the Wise

A Byzantine empress remembered for almsgiving, piety, and endurance in palace life, venerated soon after death for holiness and wonders.

Feast Day
December 16
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Commemorated as

The Holy Right-Believing Empress Theophano the Wonderworker, Wife of the Emperor Leo the Wise

Life

Theophano was a Byzantine empress of the late ninth and early tenth centuries, the first wife of the Emperor Leo VI, known as Leo the Wise. Born in Constantinople, she is remembered in the Orthodox tradition less for her place at the imperial court than for her almsgiving, ascetic piety, and patient endurance amid the hardships of palace life.

Sources differ on the details and dates of her life: she is generally placed around 866 to the 890s, with her repose variously given as around 893-894 or as 10 November 897. By the account preserved in the synaxarion she was raised in piety, married into the imperial family at the choice of the reigning emperor, and after a period of imprisonment and palace trial gave herself to prayer, fasting, and care for the poor. She was venerated as a saint soon after her death and is numbered among the wonderworkers; her incorrupt relics are kept at the Patriarchal Cathedral of Saint George at the Phanar in Constantinople. She is commemorated on December 16.

Timeline 5 moments Read Hide
  1. c. 866 Birth in Constantinople Theophano was born in Constantinople to Constantine Martinakios and Anna, who according to the synaxarion raised her with diligence. Her family, the Martinakioi, is reported to have been connected to the Amorian dynasty that had ruled the empire in the earlier ninth century.
  2. c. 882-883 Marriage to Leo VI She was chosen to marry Leo, son of the Emperor Basil I (Basil the Macedonian) and later himself emperor as Leo VI the Wise. Wikipedia reports the marriage took place between September 882 and September 883 and that it was arranged by Basil I and forced upon Leo.
  3. during Leo's early life Imprisonment and trial According to the synaxarion account, Theophano shared a three-year imprisonment with Leo after he was falsely accused of plotting his father's assassination.
  4. c. 893 Withdrawal to monastic life In the later part of Leo's reign Theophano withdrew from court life. The OCA account presents this as a turning to prayer, fasting, and works of charity; Wikipedia places her retirement around 893 to a monastery in the Blachernae suburb of Constantinople.
  5. c. 893-894 or 897 Repose Sources give her repose around 893-894 (with several accounts stating she died at about the age of 31) or on 10 November 897. She was venerated as a saint shortly after her death.

Contributions & Legacy

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Charity and Piety

The Orthodox tradition remembers Theophano above all for her humility and care for the poor. Despite her imperial status she is said to have preferred simple clothing and to have visited the households of the needy, accompanied by only two servants, to offer assistance.

She is credited with building and restoring churches and monasteries and with acting as a mother to her subjects, caring for widows and orphans. After her release from imprisonment she is said to have devoted herself to prayer and fasting.

Family

Theophano was the first wife of Leo VI. Accounts report that the emperor's affections later turned to Zoe Zaoutzaina, who became his mistress. By Wikipedia's account, Leo and Theophano had a single daughter, Eudokia, who died young.

Veneration and the Church of All Saints

Theophano was numbered among the saints soon after her death, and her husband regarded her as holy. As a memorial, Leo VI built a church near the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople, intending to dedicate it to her.

Certain bishops objected to a church dedicated to his wife. According to the tradition, Leo was therefore obliged to rededicate it to All Saints, so that his wife, if she were indeed among the righteous, would still be honored among the many saints commemorated there. Orthodox sources connect this episode with the commemoration of All Saints on the Sunday after Pentecost.

Relics and Shrines

Theophano is venerated as a wonderworker, and tradition holds that she healed the sick whom physicians had been unable to cure. Her relics, described as incorrupt and wonderworking, rest in the Patriarchal Cathedral of Saint George at the Phanar in Constantinople, beside the relics of Saint Euphemia and Saint Solomone.

On her feast, December 16, her relics are reported to be moved to the center of the solea, where the coffin is opened and she is venerated by the faithful. A portion of her skull is kept at Dionysiou Monastery on Mount Athos. The relics are said to have been relocated several times through history, having been transferred by Patriarch Gennadios Scholarios to the Church of the Holy Apostles before eventually reaching the Ecumenical Patriarchate.

Sources: OCA Synaxarion (oca.org), Lives of the Saints